Process Model

This process model was created for a program outcome evaluation for the Trade Institute of Pittsburgh. The process model was developed using a signaling effect framework.  The process model details both the typical pathway of TIP participants and the potential strength of TIP’s signaling effect. The research team conducted staff interviews to assess 5 aspects of TIP: outreach, enrollment, program curriculum, job placement, and job retention. In addition, the research team surveyed the alumni council to gain insights into the challenges of completing the program and the supports provided throughout their participation. 

The following questions guided our construction of the process model:  

1. What is the full experience for TIP students, from enrollment to post-graduation?  
2. What are the inputs (courses, workshops etc.) & outputs (soft skills, hard skills etc.) of TIP?   
3. What is the signaling effect of completing the TIP program? 

The signaling theory states that the voluntary completion of an employment reentry service program can signal to employers that an individual is desisting from committing crimes. Programs such as TIP have the potential to help students differentiate themselves from individuals who are not yet ready to be productive members of society. The completion of a program can surface characteristics such as a  strong work ethic, responsibility, and commitment that otherwise would be hard for employers to see. Signaling theory also suggests that while data analysis of employment re-entry programs may not show a statistically significant reduction in recidivism or an increase in employment, these programs still provide essential wellness services that impact participant outcomes. These resources support individuals who face challenges in developing the soft skills necessary for long-term job retention.